Ouch!!
The operating system can't find a file system on the drive. It looks like an unformatted drive to the system, that's why you got the Format prompt. "RAW" simply means the disk is being accessed directly at the binary level and not through a file system.
At the very least, the boot sector of the primary NTFS partition has been damaged. If that's all that was damaged, there is a chance you can recover some or all of the drive. But, since you've always used “safely disconnect” when disconnecting the drive, there is a good possibility the drive is failing and the damage may be much more extensive. You may not be able to recover much. You'll probably want to replace the drive after you get what you can off of it.
If you want to try to recover the drive, don't format the drive and don't use checkdisk to attempt to repair the file allocation file. You'll need a disk recovery application that's capable of recovering from a raw drive. Most are commercial and not free. There is at least one that's Open Source and free -- that's
TestDisk. TestDisk is rather low level and hands on. It's not click through the buttons like some of the commercial applications. Be sure to thoroughly read the documentation if you want to attempt using it.